What defines dyslexia in the context of learning disabilities?

Dyslexia is best defined as a specific learning disability that primarily affects reading and related language-based processing skills. The correct choice highlights that dyslexia is characterized by neurobiological challenges with word recognition and spelling. This means that individuals with dyslexia have difficulties in accurately and fluently recognizing words, which can impede their reading development. These challenges are not due to a lack of intelligence or opportunity but are rooted in the way the brain processes written language.

Individuals with dyslexia often struggle with decoding and spelling, which can lead to significant impacts on their academic performance and self-esteem. Instructional strategies that focus on phonemic awareness, phonics, and reading fluency can help individuals with dyslexia improve their skills.

The other options relate to different conditions or aspects of learning. For instance, deficits in attention and hyperactivity are more aligned with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and social interaction problems are often linked to autism spectrum disorders. Mathematical underachievement speaks to challenges in math skills but is not characteristic of dyslexia, which specifically pertains to reading and language processing.