Which case established that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal?

The establishment that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal arose from the landmark case of Brown vs. Board of Education. This 1954 Supreme Court decision focused on racial segregation in public schools, declaring that segregating children based on race was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The ruling emphasized that separate facilities are inherently unequal and, therefore, unconstitutional. This principle has been widely applied beyond racial segregation, influencing various aspects of education, including special education. As a result, it underscored the necessity for inclusive educational practices and programs for students with disabilities, ensuring they have access to the same quality of education as their peers without disabilities.

In contrast, the other options refer to legislation and cases that addressed different aspects of educational rights for individuals with disabilities, but they do not carry the foundational principle established by Brown regarding the inherent inequality of separate facilities.