Which of the following is NOT included in specific learning disabilities?

Specific learning disabilities (SLD) refer to a group of disorders that affect the ability to read, write, calculate, and process information. These disabilities can manifest in various ways and commonly include conditions such as dyslexia, which is a specific reading disability characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities.

Disorders in language processes can also fall under SLD, as they relate to difficulties with understanding or using spoken or written language. Aphasia, while often seen in adults due to brain injury, can be considered a disruption in language skills, which may have parallels in developmental language disorders within the context of SLD.

Emotional disturbances, on the other hand, refer to a different category of disability in special education. They involve difficulties in emotional and behavioral functioning, impacting a child's ability to learn and interact socially. Unlike SLD, emotional disturbances do not specifically relate to cognitive processing or acquisition of academic skills. Therefore, they are not classified within the specific learning disabilities, making this the correct context for understanding why this answer is appropriate.