Which term refers to the sensory capability primarily associated with hearing?

Audition is the term that specifically refers to the sensory capability associated with hearing. It encompasses the physiological processes involved in perceiving sound, including the reception of auditory stimuli by the ears and the subsequent interpretation of those sounds by the brain. This term is fundamental in the context of discussions about hearing and auditory processing, making it the most accurate choice in this scenario.

The other terms relate to different aspects of communication and auditory impairment. Dysarthria refers to a motor speech disorder resulting from neurological injury, affecting the ability to speak clearly. Aphasia is a language disorder that affects a person's ability to communicate, resulting from brain damage or injury that impacts language comprehension and expression. Hard of hearing describes a range of hearing loss but does not specify the sensory capability itself, focusing more on the condition rather than the sensory function.